The Nature of Trust: Development, Impact, and Cultivation

This document provides a comprehensive analysis of trust, a fundamental concept crucial for building relationships, fostering cooperation, and creating thriving societies. It explores the multifaceted nature of trust across diverse cultures, delving into its psychological and sociological dimensions. This exploration encompasses the development of trust, its maintenance, and its consequences across the lifespan. Evidence-based techniques for cultivating trust in various contexts, including personal relationships, professional settings, and legal and financial frameworks, are also presented. The document will further discuss the difference between trust and blind faith, the concept of legal trust, and the vital role trust plays in teamwork and religious faith.

 

Defining Trust 

Trust is a multifaceted concept with diverse interpretations across disciplines and cultures. Here are some prominent definitions:

• • Current Scientific Consensus:
    
    • • A belief in the reliability and integrity of others: This definition emphasizes the cognitive component of trust, highlighting the expectation that others will act in predictable and ethical ways (Wikipedia, n.d.).
    • • A willingness to be vulnerable based on positive expectations: This highlights the emotional component, emphasizing the willingness to take risks and rely on others despite potential vulnerability (PubMed Central, n.d.).
    • • A social construct that facilitates social interactions and cooperation: This emphasizes the social function of trust, highlighting its role in enabling collective action and societal harmony (Wikipedia, n.d.).

• • Common Misconceptions:
    
    • • Blind faith: Trust is often confused with blind faith, which implies acceptance without evidence or critical thinking. However, trust is not blind; it is based on assessments of trustworthiness, past experiences, and contextual factors (Untersoziologen, n.d.).
    • • A static trait: Trust is sometimes viewed as fixed, implying individuals are inherently trusting or distrusting. However, trust is dynamic and can change based on experiences and relationships (Pew Research Center, 2020).
    • • Solely based on personal relationships: While crucial in personal relationships, trust extends to institutions, systems, and society in general. Trust in these broader contexts is vital for social cohesion and well-being (Our World in Data, n.d.).

 

What is Legal Trust? 

A legal trust is a fiduciary arrangement where a third party (the trustee) holds assets on behalf of a beneficiary or beneficiaries (Investopedia, n.d.). Trusts can be structured in many ways, specifying how and when assets are distributed. They are frequently used in estate planning to ensure financial support for beneficiaries after the trustor’s death.

 

Trust vs. Blind Faith

As noted above, a key distinction within the definition of trust is its difference from blind faith. Trust involves an assessment of trustworthiness based on factors like past experiences, reputation, and evidence (Wikipedia, n.d.). It is a reasoned decision to rely on someone or something, acknowledging uncertainty. Blind faith, conversely, is acceptance without evidence or critical thinking, often rooted in beliefs or assumptions rather than rational evaluation.

 

Measuring Trust 

Accurately measuring trust is crucial for understanding its impact. Researchers use various methods, each with strengths and limitations:

• • Surveys: Widely used to measure trust by asking about beliefs and expectations regarding others, institutions, and society (Our World in Data, n.d.). Examples include the World Values Survey and the General Social Survey, often employing Likert scales (PubMed Central, n.d.). Strength: Easy to administer, large sample sizes, assesses multiple dimensions. Limitation: Relies on self-reporting, susceptible to social desirability bias, may not capture unconscious trust.

• • Behavioral Experiments: Observe decision-making involving risk and cooperation, often using real or hypothetical monetary stakes (PubMed Central, n.d.; ResearchGate, n.d.). The “trust game” is a common example. Strength: Captures actual behavior, controls for factors, assesses different trust types. Limitation: May not generalize to real-world settings, influenced by experimental design, may not capture full complexity.

• • Physiological Measures: Techniques like EEG and ECG assess physiological responses associated with trust-related emotions and cognitions (Kathmandu Post, 2023). Strength: Captures unconscious trust, provides objective measures. Limitation: Expensive, time-consuming, requires specialized equipment, not suitable for all settings.

• • Implicit Measures: Assess unconscious association using test such as IAT(Implicit Association Test). (Wikipedia, n.d.). Strength: Captures unconscious trust, provides less social desirability bias. Limitations: May not correlate with explicit trust.

• • Observational Measures: Involve observing and coding trust-related behaviors in natural settings (UNICEF China, n.d.). Strength: Captures real-world behavior, provides rich qualitative data. Limitation: Time-consuming, susceptible to observer bias, not suitable for all research questions.

 

Choosing the Right Method:

The appropriate method depends on the research question, target population, and available resources. Surveys suit large-scale studies of general trust levels, while behavioral experiments investigate specific behaviors. Physiological measures offer insights into underlying processes, implicit measures assess unconscious biases, and observational measures are valuable for studying trust in naturalistic settings.

 

The Impact of Trust 

Trust significantly influences various aspects of life:

• • Relationships: Trust is the foundation of healthy relationships, fostering intimacy, open communication, and mutual respect (BlueNotary, n.d.; Great Lakes Counseling Group, n.d.). Distrust leads to communication breakdown, emotional distance, and conflict (Psylancer, n.d.; Terapia Online Presencial Madrid, n.d.).

• • Career: Trust in the workplace enhances teamwork, collaboration, and productivity (Haiilo Blog, n.d.; Achievers, n.d.). It contributes to job satisfaction, employee retention, and organizational success (BetterYou, n.d.). Distrust leads to decreased morale, lower productivity, and higher turnover (Forbes, 2019; Beyond Intractability, n.d.).

• • Health: Trust in healthcare providers is associated with better health outcomes, increased adherence to treatment, and greater patient satisfaction (PubMed Central, n.d.; Keona Health, n.d.). Distrust can lead to delayed care, non-compliance, and poorer outcomes (Pew Trusts, 2024; PubMed Central, n.d.).

• • Well-being: Trust is linked to higher well-being, including increased happiness, reduced stress, and greater life satisfaction (ResearchGate, n.d.; Frontiers, 2023). Distrust contributes to anxiety, depression, and social isolation (Psych Central, n.d.; PubMed Central, 2023).

 

The Impact of Trust in Religion 

Trust plays a significant role in religion, shaping beliefs, practices, and experiences (Wellcome, 2018). Religious faith often involves trusting in a higher power, sacred texts, and religious leaders, providing meaning, purpose, and comfort. It fosters community and belonging. However, religious trust can also be a source of conflict when it leads to intolerance.

 

Trust and Teamwork 

Trust is essential for effective teamwork, enabling collaboration and communication. Trusting team members are more likely to share ideas, take risks, and support each other. However, blind trust can be detrimental. Warning signs of project/company issues include: lack of communication, missed deadlines, decreased morale, lack of accountability, and ignoring concerns.

 

Trust Development in Childhood 

Early childhood experiences play a crucial role in shaping an individual’s basic level of trust (Greater Good Science Center, n.d.). Consistent care and having needs met develop a secure attachment style and a more trusting disposition (Verywell Mind, n.d.; MSU Extension, n.d.). This foundation influences adult relationships, career, and well-being (PubMed Central, 2023).

 

How Childhood Trust Influences Adult Life

• • Relationships: Securely attached children are more likely to form healthy adult relationships (PositivePsychology.com, n.d.), able to trust partners, communicate openly, and navigate conflict (Counseling Center Group, n.d.).

• • Career: Trusting children tend to be more successful academically and have better career outcomes (ResearchGate, n.d.; The Childhood Trust, n.d.), being more confident, resilient, and collaborative (Simmons & Gooty, 2009).

• • Well-being: A secure foundation of trust contributes to greater overall well-being in adulthood (Greater Good Science Center, n.d.), including optimism, higher self-esteem, and life satisfaction (PubMed Central, 2023).

 

Building Trust in Childhood Parents, caregivers, and educators can foster trust through:

• • Responsive caregiving: Meeting needs consistently and responding sensitively (Psychology Today, n.d.).

• • Open communication: Creating a safe space for expression.

• • Encouraging autonomy: Allowing age-appropriate choices.

• • Modeling trustworthiness: Being honest and reliable.

• • Providing opportunities for success: Building self-esteem and self-trust.

 

The Impact of Overprotective Environments

While nurturing is essential, overprotection can hinder independence, resilience, and self-confidence (PubMed Central, 2023; Youniverse Therapy, n.d.; PubMed Central, 2023). A balance between support and allowing age-appropriate risks is crucial.

 

Changing Trust in Adulthood

While early childhood is critical, it’s possible to change trust levels in adulthood (National Academy of Medicine, 2015; Frontiers, 2021). Life events and interventions like therapy can help individuals develop more secure attachment patterns and increase trust.

 

Life Events and Experiences that Influence Trust

• • Positive Influences:
    
    • • Healthy Relationships: Secure relationships foster trust.
    • • Therapy: Attachment-based or trauma-informed therapy can address past hurts.
    • • Positive Life Experiences: Achieving goals and receiving recognition build self-trust.
    • • Community Involvement: Fosters belonging and trust in others.

• • Negative Influences:
    
    • • Betrayal or Trauma: Damages trust significantly.
    • • Abuse or Neglect: Has a lasting impact on trust and relationships.
    • • Negative Life Experiences: Job loss, financial difficulties, or illness undermine self-trust.
    • • Social Isolation: Contributes to isolation and distrust.

 

Techniques for Increasing Trust This section provide techniques for increasing trust. Scientific data supports the value of working on trust (PubMed Central, n.d.). Here are techniques for different contexts:

1. Self-Trust

• • What to do:
    
    • • Acknowledge strengths and weaknesses (Workee, n.d.).
    • • Set realistic goals (Healthline, n.d.).
    • • Practice self-compassion (Psych Central, n.d.).
    • • Be true to your values.
    • • Spend time with yourself (Mind, n.d.).

• • What to avoid:
    
    • • Negative self-talk (Workee, n.d.).
    • • Perfectionism (Psych Central, n.d.).
    • • Comparing yourself to others (Mind, n.d.).
    • • People-pleasing (Psych Central, n.d.).
    • • Overthinking (Burchard, n.d.).

2. Trust in Others

• • What to do:
    
    • • Be trustworthy (PositivePsychology.com, n.d.).
    • • Communicate openly (PositivePsychology.com, n.d.).
    • • Show empathy (Roffey Park Institute, n.d.).
    • • Be reliable (Roffey Park Institute, n.d.).
    • • Show appreciation (PositivePsychology.com, n.d.).
    • • Be vulnerable (Roffey Park Institute, n.d.).

• • What to avoid:
    
    • • Dishonesty (PositivePsychology.com, n.d.).
    • • Inconsistency (Roffey Park Institute, n.d.).
    • • Lack of empathy.
    • • Judgmental behavior (PositivePsychology.com, n.d.).
    • • Taking others for granted (PositivePsychology.com, n.d.).

3. Trust in the World

• • What to do:
    
    • • Make a conscious decision to trust (WeForum, 2021).
    • • Be trustworthy (WeForum, 2021).
    • • Be transparent and honest (WeForum, 2021).
    • • Set standards through collaboration (WeForum, 2021).
    • • Define your values and act upon them (WeForum, 2021).

• • What to avoid:
    
    • • Negativity bias (WeForum, 2021).
    • • Cynicism (Lauritsen, n.d.).
    • • Isolation.
    • • Fear-based decision-making.
    • • Ignoring red flags.

4. Building Trust in a Child

• • Provide responsive caregiving (UNICEF China, n.d.).

• • Be a safe base (UNICEF China, n.d.).

• • Create safe spaces (UNICEF China, n.d.).

• • Focus on sensitivity and responsiveness (UNICEF China, n.d.).

• • Collaborate on expectations.

• • Be mindful of your reactions.

• • Validate their emotions.

• • Ask open-ended questions.

• • Look for opportunities to give them independence.

• • Spend quality time with them.

5. Building Trust as a Company CEO/Senior Manager

• • Lead by example (The Grossman Group, n.d.).

• • Communicate openly and honestly (The Grossman Group, n.d.).

• • Listen more than you speak (The Grossman Group, n.d.).

• • Empower team members (HR Vision Event, n.d.).

• • Be consistent and fair (HR Vision Event, n.d.).

• • Create a supportive environment (HR Vision Event, n.d.).

• • Show vulnerability (CEO Coaching International, n.d.).

• • Be a “we,” not an “I” (CEO Coaching International, n.d.).

6. Building Trust Inside a Team in a Corporate Environment

• • Set clear expectations.

• • Trust others first.

• • Treat people like humans.

• • Create community.

• • Communicate openly and transparently.

• • Assume good intent.

• • Celebrate autonomy.

• • Do check-ins, not check-ups.

• • Avoid surprises.

7. How Financial Institutions Communicate Trust

• • Embrace simplicity and transparency (PCBB, n.d.).

• • Invest in security (PCBB, n.d.).

• • Highlight financial stability (PCBB, n.d.).

• • Encourage customer feedback (PCBB, n.d.).

• • Tailor solutions (PCBB, n.d.).

• • Continue to engage with the community (PCBB, n.d.).

• • Be purpose-driven (Lightico, n.d.).

• • Be proactive (Lightico, n.d.).

• • Be transparent (Lightico, n.d.).

 

Trust and Other Psychological Concepts This section will explain how trust is related to other psychological concepts.

Trust is intertwined with other concepts:

• • Security: Trust fosters safety and security (ResearchGate, n.d.; Ascension Counseling & Therapy, n.d.; Burgess, 2015).

• • Attachment: Early attachment shapes trust patterns and influences relationships (PubMed, n.d.; Frontiers, 2023).

• • Self-esteem: Trusting oneself is essential for self-esteem, and higher self-esteem reinforces self-trust (Inquiries Journal, n.d.; Riviera Therapy, n.d.; HealthyPlace, n.d.; PubMed Central, 2023).

 

Cultural Variations in Trust This section will give brief introduction to cultural variations in trust.

While research primarily focuses on Western societies, cultural variations exist (ResearchGate, n.d.). Collectivist cultures may emphasize different factors than individualistic cultures (ScholarWorks @ UTRGV, n.d.; Saïd Business School, n.d.). These include:

• • Communication Styles: Direct vs. indirect communication influences trust-building (Forbes, 2024; IABC, n.d.).

Communication Style	Culture	Characteristics	Impact on Trust
Direct	US, Germany	Explicit, clear, straightforward	Fosters transparency, may seem rude in indirect cultures
Indirect	Japan, China	Implicit, nuanced, context-dependent	Maintains harmony, may cause misunderstandings in direct cultures

 

• • Decision-Making Processes: The pace and method of decision-making vary, impacting trust (Forbes, 2024; Country Navigator, n.d.).

Culture	Decision-Making Style	Impact on Trust
US	Fast-paced, individualistic	May seem hasty or disrespectful of relationships in slower-paced cultures
Japan	Slow-paced, consensus-driven	May seem inefficient or indecisive in faster-paced cultures
China	Slow-paced, hierarchical	May seem bureaucratic or resistant to change in faster-paced cultures

 

• • Authority Structures: Different cultures have varying approaches to hierarchy and authority, affecting trust (Forbes, 2024; Fiveable, n.d.).

Culture	Authority Structure	Impact on Trust
Asia (some regions)	Hierarchical, deference to authority	Trust may be linked to respect for authority
Middle East (some regions)	Hierarchical, emphasis on seniority	Trust may be associated with age and experience
Scandinavia	Egalitarian, questioning of authority	Trust may be based on competence and performance

 

Influence on Trust

These cultural variations influence trust in different ways:

• • Interpersonal Trust: In individualistic cultures, trust is often built through direct communication, individual achievements, and demonstrated competence (Fiveable, n.d.). In collectivist cultures, trust may be more closely linked to group affiliation, shared values, and adherence to social norms (Fiveable, n.d.).

• • Trust in Institutions: Cultures with high power distance may have higher levels of trust in authorities and institutions, while those with low power distance may be more critical and demanding (Fiveable, n.d.).

• • Trust in the World: Cultural values around uncertainty avoidance can influence trust in the world. Cultures with high uncertainty avoidance may be more cautious and less trusting of the unknown, while those with low uncertainty avoidance may be more open and trusting (Fiveable, n.d.).

 

Conclusion

Trust is a fundamental and multifaceted concept with profound implications for individuals, relationships, organizations, and societies. This document has explored the diverse dimensions of trust, from its psychological underpinnings and developmental trajectory to its impact on various aspects of life and its cultivation across different contexts. We have seen that trust is not a monolithic entity, but rather a dynamic and evolving construct shaped by individual experiences, interpersonal interactions, and cultural values.

While universal principles of trustworthiness, such as honesty, reliability, and empathy, contribute to trust-building across cultures, the specific ways in which trust is understood, expressed, and developed can vary significantly. Recognizing these cultural nuances is crucial for fostering effective communication, collaboration, and cooperation in an increasingly interconnected world. The techniques for building and maintaining trust presented here provide a practical framework for individuals and organizations seeking to strengthen relationships, improve performance, and enhance well-being. From fostering secure attachment in childhood to leading with transparency in the workplace, the conscious cultivation of trust is an ongoing process that requires commitment, awareness, and a willingness to be vulnerable.

This document highlights the multifaceted nature of trust, but significant avenues for future research remain. A critical area is the in-depth exploration of cultural nuances in trust. While universal principles like honesty and reliability contribute to trust-building, the ways in which trust is understood, developed, and expressed vary considerably across cultures. Future research should prioritize understudied cultural contexts, moving beyond the predominantly Western focus of existing literature. This includes investigating how different communication styles, decision-making processes, and authority structures shape trust dynamics in diverse societies.

Furthermore, the intersection of trust, technology, and globalization presents a crucial area for future investigation. The rise of digital communication, online platforms, and global interconnectedness is profoundly reshaping how we interact and form relationships. Research is needed to understand how these technological and societal shifts impact both interpersonal trust (e.g., trust in online relationships, trust in information shared online) and trust in institutions (e.g., trust in governments, corporations, and online platforms). Addressing these questions will be essential for navigating the complexities of the modern world and fostering a more just, equitable, and collaborative global community. A deeper understanding of trust is, and continues to be, critically important.

 

Works Cited

1. 1. Achievers. (n.d.). Tips for building trust in the workplace. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.achievers.com/blog/building-trust-workplace/

1. 1. APA Dictionary of Psychology. (n.d.). Trust. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://dictionary.apa.org/trust

1. 1. Ascension Counseling & Therapy. (n.d.). From doubt to trust: Building security in your partnership. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://ascensioncounseling.com/from-doubt-to-trust-building-security-in-your-partnership

1. 1. BetterHelp, (n.d.). How Does Childhood Trauma Affect Adulthood And Emotional Well-Being?. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/childhood/how-does-childhood-trauma-affect-adulthood/

1. 1. BetterYou. (n.d.). The impact of employee trust on workplace performance. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.betteryou.ai/the-impact-of-employee-trust-on-workplace-performance/

1. 1. BlueNotary. (n.d.). The power of trust: Building strong relationships in the digital age. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://bluenotary.us/trust/

1. 1. Brown University. (n.d.). The Psychology (and Economics) of Trust. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from http://files.clps.brown.edu/jkrueger/journal_articles/krueger-2009-thepsychologytrust.pdf

1. 1. Burchard, B. (n.d.). How to develop trust in yourself & others. Brendon Burchard. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://brendon.com/blog/develop-trust/

1. 1. Burgess, M. (2015, January 15). What does trust have to do with security anyway? Medium. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://mark-burgess-oslo-mb.medium.com/what-does-trust-have-to-do-with-security-anyway-866dc929a514

1. 1. Beyond Intractability. (n.d.). Distrust. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/distrust

1. 1. CEO Coaching International. (n.d.). 4 ways to build trust as the CEO. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://ceocoachinginternational.com/4-ways-to-build-trust-as-the-ceo/

1. 1. Country Navigator. (n.d.). Cultural influences in decision making process. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.countrynavigator.com/blog/how-do-different-cultures-approach-decision-making

1. 1. Counseling Center Group. (n.d.). How childhood trauma affects adulthood: The lifelong impact. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://counselingcentergroup.com/childhood-trauma-and-adulthood/

1. 1. Fiveable. (n.d.). 10.4 Building trust in cross-cultural negotiations. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://library.fiveable.me/negotiations/unit-10/building-trust-cross-cultural-negotiations/study-guide/zSRFuOCa2ML53sNl

1. 1. Forbes. (2019, October 24). Lack of trust can make workplaces sick and dysfunctional. Forbes. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbescoachescouncil/2019/10/24/lack-of-trust-can-make-workplaces-sick-and-dysfunctional/

1. 1. Forbes. (2024, February 06). Breaking cultural barriers: A guide to building trust across borders. Forbes. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbesbusinesscouncil/2024/02/06/breaking-cultural-barriers-a-guide-to-building-trust-across-borders/

1. 1. Frontiers. (2021, July 27). How adolescents and adults learn about changes in the trustworthiness of others through dynamic interaction. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.690494/full

1. 1. Frontiers. (2023, February 3). Social trust and subjective well-being of first-generation college students in China: the multiple mediation effects of self-compassion and social empathy. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1091193/full

1. 1. Frontiers. (2023, December 13). Trust in relationships: a preliminary investigation of the influence of parental divorce, breakup experiences, adult attachment style, and close relationship beliefs on dyadic trust. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1260480/full

1. 1. Great Lakes Counseling Group. (n.d.). Trust matters: Mastering the art of building trust in relationships. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.greatlakescounselinggroup.com/post/trust-matters-mastering-the-art-of-building-trust-in-relationships

1. 1. Greater Good Science Center. (n.d.). Life stages of trust. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/life_stages_of_trust

1. 1. Haiilo Blog. (n.d.). Trust in the workplace: Why it is important and how to build it. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://blog.haiilo.com/blog/trust-in-the-workplace/

1. 1. Healthline. (n.d.). 6 tips for building trust in yourself. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.healthline.com/health/trusting-yourself

1. 1. HealthyPlace. (n.d.). Trust your decisions and build self-esteem. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.healthyplace.com/blogs/buildingselfesteem/2020/8/trust-your-decisions-and-build-self-esteem

1. 1. HR Vision Event. (n.d.). 5 steps to building trust in your team. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.hrvisionevent.com/content-hub/5-steps-to-building-trust-in-your-team/

1. 1. IABC. (n.d.). Understanding cultural differences to communicate in a global world. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.iabc.com/catalyst/article/understanding-cultural-differences-to-communicate-in-a-global-world

1. 1. Ink.library.smu.edu. (2025). Trust Differences Across National-Societal Cultures: Much to Do, or Much Ado about Nothing?. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4141&context=lkcsb_research

1. 1. Inquiries Journal. (n.d.). Self-esteem and trust: Correlation between self-esteem and willingness to trust in undergraduate students. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/688/self-esteem-and-trust-correlation-between-self-esteem-and-willingness-to-trust-in-undergraduate-students

1. 1. Investopedia. (n.d.). What is a legal trust? Common purposes, types, and structures. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/trust.asp

1. 1. Lauritsen, J. (n.d.). The simplest way to build trust. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://jasonlauritsen.com/the-simplest-way-to-build-trust/

1. 1. Keona Health. (n.d.). The power of trust: Patient outcomes & revenue growth. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.keonahealth.com/resources/power-of-trust

1. 1. Lightico. (n.d.). Consumer trust in banking: Why it matters now, more than ever. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.lightico.com/blog/consumer-trust-in-banking/

1. 1. Medium.(2025). Can I trust you? — The Impact of Trust across Cultures. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://medium.com/@susansalzbrenner/can-i-trust-you-the-impact-of-trust-across-cultures-921628c17b6a

1. 1. Mind. (n.d.). How can I improve my self-esteem? Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/self-esteem/tips-to-improve-your-self-esteem/

1. 1. MSU Extension. (n.d.). Attachment: Building trust in your infant. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/attachment_building_trust_in_your_infant

1. 1. National Academy of Medicine. (2015, March 10). Age-related changes in interpersonal trust behavior: Can neuroscience inform public policy? Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://nam.edu/age-related-changes-in-interpersonal-trust-behavior-can-neuroscience-inform-public-policy/

1. 1. Our World in Data. (n.d.). Trust. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://ourworldindata.org/trust

1. 1. PCBB. (n.d.). Six strategies to build trust with customers. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.pcbb.com/bid/2024-07-11-six-strategies-to-build-trust-with-customers

1. 1. Pew Research Center. (2020, December 3). Social trust in advanced economies is lower among young people and those with less education. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/12/03/social-trust-in-advanced-economies-is-lower-among-young-people-and-those-with-less-education/

1. 1. Pew Research Center. (n.d). 2. The state of personal trust. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/07/22/the-state-of-personal-trust/

1. 1. Pew Trusts. (2024). From distrust to confidence: Can science and health care gain what’s missing?. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/trend/archive/fall-2024/from-distrust-to-confidence-can-science-and-health-care-gain-whats-missing

1. 1. PositivePsychology.com. (n.d.). 10 ways to build trust in a relationship. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://positivepsychology.com/build-trust/

1. 1. PositivePsychology.com. (n.d.). Secure attachment style: Why it matters & how to nurture it. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://positivepsychology.com/secure-attachment-style/

1. 1. Psych Central. (n.d.). How to trust yourself more: 5 ways. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://psychcentral.com/relationships/how-to-develop-self-trust

1. 1. Psych Central. (n.d.). ‘Trust issues’: Signs, causes, and how to overcome distrust. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://psychcentral.com/blog/trust-issues-causes-signs

1. 1. Psych Central. (2023). Bullying fosters interpersonal distrust and degrades adolescent mental health as predicted by Social Safety Theory. Retrieved February 15, 2025 from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11052587/

1. 1. Psychology Today. (n.d.). Helping children develop trust. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/understanding-hypnosis/202211/helping-children-develop-trust

1. 1. Psychology Today. (n.d.). What is trust?. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hot-thought/201810/what-is-trust#:~:text=Trust%20is%20a%20belief%20in,security%20that%20a%20partner%20cares.

1. 1. Psylancer. (n.d.). The strain of distrust in relationships: Understanding its impact. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://psylancer.com/psychology-topics/the-strain-of-distrust-in-relationships-understanding-its-impact/

1. 1. PubMed. (n.d.). Adult attachment and trust in romantic relationships. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30096516/

1. 1. PubMed Central. (n.d.). Age-related differences in the social associative learning of trust information. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10125000/

1. 1. PubMed Central. (n.d.). Distrust of the Health Care System and Self-Reported Health in the United States. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1484714/

1. 1. PubMed Central. (n.d.). How and why humans trust: A meta-analysis and elaborated model. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10083508/

1. 1. PubMed Central. (n.d.). Measuring generalized trust: An examination of question wording and the number of scale points. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4884812/

1. 1. PubMed Central. (2023). Overprotective parenting experiences and early maladaptive schemas in adolescence and adulthood: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10088016/  

1. 1. PubMed Central. (2023). Relationship between Self-Esteem, Interpersonal Trust, and Social Anxiety of College Students. Retrived February 15, 2025, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9343213/

1. 1. PubMed Central. (2023). The influence of perceived security in childhood on adult self-concept: The mediating role of resilience and self-esteem. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10487025/  

1. 1. PubMed Central. (n.d.). Trust in the health care professional and health outcome: A meta-analysis. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5295692/

1. 1. PubMed Central.(2025). Trust, Distrust and Trustworthiness: Lessons from the Field. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1495000/

1. 1. PubMed Central. (2023). When too much help is of no help: Mothers’ and fathers’ perceived overprotective behavior and (mal)adaptive functioning in adolescents. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10027782/  

1. 1. ResearchGate. (n.d.). Cultural Values and Sense of Community Influences on Trust. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352226484_Cultural_Values_and_Sense_of_Community_Influences_on_Trust

1. 1. ResearchGate. (n.d.). Measuring Trust. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24091709_Measuring_Trust

1. 1. ResearchGate. (n.d.). Measuring Trust: Which Measure Can Be Trusted? Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5100586_Measuring_Trust_Which_Measure_Can_Be_Trusted

1. 1. ResearchGate. (n.d.). Trust and Wellbeing. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49615205_Trust_and_Wellbeing

1. 1. ResearchGate. (n.d.). Trust, behavior, and high school outcomes. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276915435_Trust_behavior_and_high_school_outcomes

1. 1. ResearchGate. (n.d.). Understanding Trust and Security. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2516627_Understanding_Trust_and_Security

1. 1. Riviera Therapy. (n.d.). The connection between self-trust and self-esteem: Building a solid foundation for well-being. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://rivieratherapy.com/the-connection-between-self-trust-and-self-esteem-building-a-solid-foundation-for-well-being/

1. 1. Roffey Park Institute. (n.d.). Eight behaviours that build trust. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.roffeypark.com/articles/eight-behaviours-that-build-trust/

1. 1. Saïd Business School. (n.d.). Trust across cultures. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/oxford-answers/trust-across-cultures

1. 1. ScholarWorks @ UTRGV. (n.d.). Trust propensity across cultures: The role of collectivism. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/context/marketing_fac/article/1017/viewcontent/1069031x211036688Trust_Propensity_across_Cultures_The_Role_of_Collectivism.pdf

1. 1. Simmons, B. L., & Gooty, J. (2009). Secure attachment: implications for hope, trust, burnout, and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 271-286.

1. 1. Terapia Online Presencial Madrid. (n.d.). Mistrust in a partner: Ways it can harm the relationship. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.mentesabiertaspsicologia.com/blog-psicologia/mistrust-in-a-partner-ways-it-can-harm-the-relationship

1. 1. The Childhood Trust. (n.d.). How we work. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.childhoodtrust.org.uk/about-us/how-we-work/

1. 1. The Grossman Group. (n.d.). How to build trust in the workplace: The ultimate guide for today. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.yourthoughtpartner.com/blog/bid/59619/leaders-follow-these-6-steps-to-build-trust-with-employees-improve-how-you-re-perceived

1. 1. UNICEF China. (n.d.). 4 things you can do to build trust with your child. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.unicef.cn/en/parenting-site/4-things-you-can-do-to-build-trust-with-your-child

1. 1. Untersoziologen. (n.d.). Trust / Niklas Luhmann / …working until the 2000s / Sociologists. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.untersoziologen.com/sociologists/working-until-the-2000s/niklas-luhmann/trust

1. 1. Verywell Mind. (n.d.). Trust vs. mistrust: Learn about psychosocial stage 1. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.verywellmind.com/trust-versus-mistrust-2795741

1. 1. WeForum. (2021, August 17). 5 ways to rebuild trust in a complex world. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/08/5-ways-to-rebuild-trust-in-a-complex-world/

1. 1. Wellcome. (2018). Chapter 3: Trust in science and health professionals. Wellcome Global Monitor. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://wellcome.org/reports/wellcome-global-monitor/2018/chapter-3-trust-science-and-health-professionals

1. 1. Wikipedia. (n.d.). Trust (social science). Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_(social_science)

1. 1. Wikipedia. (n.d.). Trust metric. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_metric

1. 1. Wikipedia. (n.d) Trust. retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_(social_science)#:~:text=Trust%20is%20being%20vulnerable%20to,vulnerable%20to%20others%20in%20general.

1. 1. Workee. (n.d.). Do you trust yourself? 6 steps to developing your confidence. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://workee.net/blog/learning-to-trust-you-6-steps-to-boosting-better-confidence

1. 1. Youniverse Therapy. (n.d.). 8 negative effects of overprotective parenting. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://www.youniversetherapy.com/post/8-negative-effects-of-overprotective-parenting

1. 1. YouTube. (n.d.). How do you measure trust?. Retrieved February 15, 2025, from https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=0y8NYNRJjTY&pp=ygUQI21lYXN1cmVhbmR0cnVzdA%3D%3D

1. 1. Salzbrenner, S. (2025). Can I trust you? — The Impact of Trust across Cultures. Medium. Retrieved February 15, 2025 from, https://medium.com/@susansalzbrenner/can-i-trust-you-the-impact-of-trust-across-cultures-921628c17b6a