Brexit and Adaptation: The Impact on Identity, Stress, and Community Wellbeing in the UK
The UK’s departure from the European Union (EU) in 2020, commonly known as Brexit, has had a profound impact on the country’s social, economic, and political landscape. This article delves into the multifaceted consequences of Brexit, specifically examining its effects on national identity, stress levels among various demographics, and the overall wellbeing of communities across the UK. It explores how communities are adapting to the changes brought about by Brexit and analyzes the long-term implications of this historic event.
Psychological Effects of Brexit
Brexit has had a significant psychological impact on individuals in the UK, leading to increased levels of stress, anxiety, and other mental health challenges. This impact can be attributed to various factors, including economic uncertainty, social divisions, and concerns about identity and belonging.
A study conducted by researchers at the Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, found that mental health in the UK worsened in the two years following the Brexit referendum1. This decline was particularly pronounced among younger men, highly educated individuals, and those living in areas that voted to remain in the EU1. The study, which analyzed data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, a survey of 40,000 households, attributed this trend to the increased financial and job uncertainty, the heightened risk of recession, and the rise in discrimination and hate crimes following the referendum1.
Further evidence of the psychological impact of Brexit comes from a study funded by Robert Gordon University, which focused on the mental wellbeing of EU citizens living in Scotland2. The study found that the Brexit campaign, referendum, and subsequent political discourse had damaged the wellbeing of EU citizens primarily by undermining their sense of integration into Scottish society2. Many EU citizens reported feeling unwanted and unwelcome, experiencing increased uncertainty about their future in Scotland2.
The Mental Health Foundation conducted a survey in 2019, which revealed the widespread emotional impact of Brexit on the UK population3. The survey found that 43% of adults felt powerless because of Brexit, 39% felt angry, and 38% were worried3. These emotions were prevalent regardless of how individuals had voted in the referendum3. Brexit also caused sleep problems for 12% of respondents and relationship conflicts for almost 20%3.
Adding to this, a study published in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health found a spike in antidepressant prescriptions in England after the Brexit referendum4. The researchers, from King’s College London and Harvard University, suggest that this increase may be attributed to the heightened uncertainty surrounding Brexit and its potential impact on individuals’ lives and livelihoods4.
Research from Bangor University explored the psychological consequences of minority status in the context of Brexit, shedding light on the impact of social divisions and polarization5. The study found that individuals who held the majority opinion in their local area had better mental health compared to those in the minority, even after adjusting for individual and area-level economic circumstances5. This suggests that the social and political climate surrounding Brexit, characterized by strong divisions and polarization, has had a detrimental effect on the mental wellbeing of those who find themselves in the minority5.
These studies collectively paint a picture of the psychological toll Brexit has taken on the UK population. The uncertainty, social divisions, and economic anxieties associated with Brexit have contributed to increased stress, anxiety, and other mental health challenges across various demographics.
Brexit and National Identity
Brexit has had a complex and multifaceted impact on national identity in the UK, raising questions about what it means to be British, English, Scottish, Welsh, and Northern Irish in a post-Brexit world. The referendum and its aftermath have brought to the fore existing tensions and anxieties surrounding identity and belonging, while also creating new divisions and challenges.
One significant impact of Brexit has been the strengthening of English national identity6. Many English citizens feel that their identity is threatened by various factors, including inequalities linked to devolution, the costs of EU membership, and immigration6. The referendum result has reinforced a sense of national belonging among some English citizens, who see Brexit as a way to protect and assert their identity6. This trend raises questions about the future of Britishness and the potential for increased divergence between England and the other nations of the UK.
Brexit has also led to the emergence of new political identities: “Leavers” and “Remainers.” 7 These identities cross-cut traditional partisan affiliations and have generated deep emotional attachments, contributing to a sense of polarization and division within society7. The Brexit divide has shaped perceptions of the economy, attitudes towards immigration, and voting behavior, with potential long-term consequences for political discourse and social cohesion7.
The Future of England Surveys highlight the complexity of national identities in England, where a majority of people identify as both English and British8. In 2016, 75% of people in England felt strongly English and 76% felt strongly British8. A clear majority identified as both English and British8. Disentangling the effects of these interwoven identities can be challenging, particularly in the context of Brexit, which has brought questions of national identity and belonging to the forefront8.
Analysis of the 2016 referendum shows that Englishness was a significant factor in the vote to leave the EU8. 85% of those who identified as “English, not British” voted to leave, as did two-thirds of those who felt “more English than British.” 8 In contrast, over 60% of those who emphasized a British identity supported remaining in the EU8. This suggests that Brexit has tapped into existing anxieties and divisions surrounding English identity, with potential implications for the future of the United Kingdom.
The British Social Attitudes survey has identified a persistent divide between “libertarians” and “authoritarians” on identity issues that has emerged since the Brexit referendum9. This divide sits alongside the traditional “left-right” debate about economics and inequality, adding another layer of complexity to the UK’s political landscape9. The survey found a strong link between attitudes towards Brexit and party support, with those who would vote against EU membership being more likely to support the Conservatives and those who would vote for EU membership being more likely to support Labour9. This suggests that Brexit has contributed to a realignment of political identities and allegiances, with potential long-term consequences for party politics and electoral outcomes.
A research project at the London School of Economics is examining how Brexit identities are evolving over time10. The project aims to understand what shapes these identities and how they respond to the changing political and economic consequences of Brexit10. The researchers argue that understanding the long-term impact of Brexit divisions on British society requires more than simply tracking how many people identify as “Leavers” and “Remainers.” 10 They emphasize the need to delve deeper into the underlying factors that shape these identities and how they interact with other social and political cleavages.
As the UK navigates its post-Brexit future, the evolving relationship between English, Scottish, Welsh, and Northern Irish identities may lead to a redefinition of Britishness, with potential implications for national unity and political stability. The long-term consequences of Brexit for national identity are still unfolding, and continued research is crucial to understanding how these changes will shape the UK’s social and political landscape in the years to come.
Economic Changes and Stress Levels
Brexit has led to significant economic changes in the UK, which have, in turn, affected stress levels among different demographics. The uncertainty surrounding the UK’s future relationship with the EU, coupled with restrictions on labor mobility and trade, has created economic anxieties that have contributed to increased stress and mental health challenges.
The OECD predicted that Brexit would act as a “tax on GDP,” imposing a persistent and rising cost on the UK economy11. The OECD estimated that by 2020, UK GDP would be over 3% smaller than it would have been with continued EU membership11. This economic shock is transmitted through various channels, including tighter financial conditions, weaker confidence, higher trade barriers, and restrictions on labor mobility11. This economic uncertainty, coupled with restrictions on labor mobility and trade, has likely contributed to the increased stress levels and mental health challenges observed in various demographics.
The Mental Health Foundation’s 2019 survey found that Brexit caused high levels of stress for almost 20% of respondents12. The survey also revealed that Brexit had led to sleep problems for over 10% of people12. The foundation highlighted that Brexit anxiety is likely to disproportionately affect certain groups, including non-British citizens, ethnic and religious minorities, and people working in sectors dependent on European funding12.
An analysis by the UK Parliament’s Commons Library found that Brexit has contributed to slowing economic growth in the UK13. The slowdown is attributed to a cooling of consumer spending growth and a reversal in investment, both linked to the uncertainty surrounding Brexit13. The analysis also highlighted the stagnation in productivity growth, which has implications for wage growth and the overall economic outlook13.
Research by Michael Ellington, Marcin Michalski, and Costas Milas found that Brexit had a contractionary impact on UK GDP growth, with spillovers to UK financial markets14. The researchers found that economic policy uncertainty following the Brexit referendum led to higher financial stress, rising long-term borrowing costs, and increased exchange rate volatility14.
An ebook published by Open Access Government summarizes the economic impacts of Brexit15. The ebook highlights the negative impact of Brexit on trade, particularly in the goods sector15. It also notes the geographical unevenness of the impacts, with London typically less negatively impacted than other parts of the UK15. The ebook emphasizes the difficulties of separating the impacts of Brexit from other macroeconomic changes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine15.
To better illustrate the economic changes and their potential impact, the following table summarizes key economic indicators and their projected changes due to Brexit:
| Indicator | Projected Change | Source |
|---|---|---|
| GDP | Over 3% smaller by 2020 | 11 |
| Trade | Negative impact, particularly on goods | 15 |
| Investment | Reversal in investment growth | 13 |
| Productivity Growth | Stagnation | 13 |
These economic challenges have created a climate of uncertainty and anxiety, which has undoubtedly contributed to the psychological effects of Brexit discussed earlier. The long-term economic consequences of Brexit are still unfolding, and their impact on stress levels and mental health will require continued monitoring and research.
Social Divisions and Community Wellbeing
Brexit has exacerbated existing social divisions and created new ones, impacting community wellbeing across the UK. The referendum exposed deep-seated differences in values and priorities, leading to increased polarization and tensions within communities.
Research by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation found that the poorest households and those in low-skilled occupations were more likely to support leaving the EU16. The study highlighted the link between poverty, low skills, and support for Brexit, suggesting that people in struggling areas with limited opportunities felt left behind and were more likely to vote leave16. This finding points to the social and economic inequalities that fueled the Brexit vote and continue to shape its consequences.
A survey by the New Local Government Network found that over half of local authority chief executives believe Brexit is having a negative impact on community cohesion17. The survey revealed that many areas are witnessing a rise in hate crime and division, with council leaderships expressing concern about the rise of “far-right, anti-immigration” views and verbal abuse against non-Britons17. These findings suggest that Brexit has not only impacted individual well-being but also exacerbated societal divides and polarization, with potential long-term consequences for community cohesion and political discourse.
Impact on the NHS
Brexit has also had a significant impact on the UK’s National Health Service (NHS), raising concerns about workforce shortages, access to medicines, and the ability to participate in European research and innovation networks.
The Nuffield Trust conducted research on the impact of Brexit on health and social care18. The research highlighted concerns about the end of the free movement of labor, which could make it more difficult for the NHS and social care to recruit the workers they need18. The report also noted concerns about the UK’s ability to regulate public health issues, such as air quality and unhealthy food, after leaving the EU18. In addition, the report highlighted the potential impact of Brexit on health systems delivery, workforce, financing, and information systems18.
A study published in the National Library of Medicine examined the impact of Brexit on the NHS19. The study found that views about NHS underfunding were a significant factor in the vote to leave the EU19. The researchers also highlighted concerns about the potential negative impact of Brexit on the UK economy, which could lead to reduced funding for the NHS19.
The Nuffield Trust published a report in 2022 on the impact of Brexit on health20. The report found evidence that Brexit is having negative effects on various aspects of health, including access to migrant staff and medicine supply20. The report also highlighted concerns about the potential impact of Brexit on living standards and deprivation, which could lead to worse health outcomes20. While the report noted that the COVID-19 pandemic had slowed migration dramatically, it emphasized the ongoing challenges of recruiting and retaining staff in the post-Brexit era20.
These findings highlight the multifaceted challenges facing the NHS in the post-Brexit era. The end of free movement, coupled with economic uncertainty and potential disruptions to supply chains, has created significant pressures on the healthcare system. Addressing these challenges will require proactive measures to ensure the continued provision of high-quality healthcare to the UK population.
Adapting to Brexit
Despite the challenges, communities across the UK are adapting to the changes brought about by Brexit. The UK government, businesses, and individuals are implementing various strategies to mitigate the negative impacts and seize new opportunities.
The UK government has outlined its vision for a post-Brexit future in a document titled “The Benefits of Brexit.” 21 The document emphasizes the opportunities presented by leaving the EU, including greater control over borders, laws, and money21. The government highlights its plans to support new industries, reinvigorate older ones, and establish the UK’s position on the world stage21. To mitigate the economic challenges, the government has introduced initiatives such as the UK Global Tariff, a streamlined and simplified tariff regime designed to reduce costs for businesses21. The government has also committed to modernizing and streamlining import and export controls by creating the Single Trade Window, which aims to reduce the cost of trade and improve efficiency21.
In terms of immigration, the UK has introduced a points-based immigration system, focused on skilled workers and global talent21. This system prioritizes individuals with specific skills and qualifications, aiming to address potential labor shortages in key sectors21.
The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford has analyzed the impact of the post-Brexit immigration system22. The new system ends free movement for EU citizens and introduces a points-based system that prioritizes skilled workers22. The observatory notes that the new system may create new vulnerabilities for certain groups of migrants, as newly arriving EU citizens will have fewer rights than they had under free movement22.
Businesses are also adapting to the changes brought about by Brexit. WorkLLama, a technology company, has published a blog post on the impact of Brexit on the UK labor market23. The blog post highlights the changes in immigration rules, supply chain disruptions, and skills shortages that have emerged since Brexit23. The company emphasizes the role of technology in helping businesses adapt to the evolving labor market, particularly in areas such as recruitment, talent pool management, and compliance23. Brexit has had a significant impact on industries heavily reliant on foreign workers, such as healthcare, hospitality, and agriculture23. To address these challenges, businesses are adopting new technologies to streamline recruitment processes, manage talent pools, and ensure compliance with the new immigration rules23.
These adaptation strategies demonstrate the resilience of communities and businesses in the face of Brexit-related challenges. While the long-term consequences of Brexit are still uncertain, these efforts to adapt and mitigate negative impacts will play a crucial role in shaping the UK’s future.
Support Systems
Various support systems are available to individuals and communities struggling with the psychological and social effects of Brexit. These support systems range from mental health services and community initiatives to research projects and policy advocacy.
The NHS Confederation has published a briefing on Brexit and mental health24. The briefing outlines the potential impact of Brexit on mental health services, including workforce supply, legislation, research, and regulation24. It also highlights the policy positions advocated by the Mental Health Network, in conjunction with its partners in the Cavendish Coalition and the Brexit Health Alliance24. The briefing emphasizes the importance of maintaining maximum levels of research and innovation collaboration between the UK and the EU, ensuring regulatory alignment for the benefit of patients, preserving reciprocal healthcare arrangements, and establishing robust coordination mechanisms on public health and wellbeing24. It also highlights the need for a strong funding commitment to the health and public health sectors to address the challenges posed by Brexit24.
The American Psychological Association (APA) has published an article on the psychological impact of Brexit3. The article highlights the role of psychologists in supporting people who have suffered as a result of the uncertainty surrounding Brexit3. It also notes the potential challenges Brexit poses to the NHS’s ability to support those with mental health problems, as it may become more difficult to recruit and retain mental health professionals from the EU3.
The Mental Health Foundation has published a blog post on Brexit anxiety12. The blog post highlights the foundation’s research on the impact of Brexit on mental health and provides tips on coping with Brexit anxiety12. The foundation emphasizes the importance of community involvement and staying connected with friends and family12.
The British Psychological Society (BPS) has published an article on the emotional impact of Brexit25. The article reviews the emotional impact of Brexit and describes how psychologists can help individuals with Brexit-related mental health problems25. The article highlights the range of emotional concerns reported in the general population, including uncertainty, anxiety, sleep problems, and social concerns25.
In response to the emotional impact of Brexit, the Existential Support in the EU Referendum (ESSE) project has been providing emotional support services to individuals struggling with Brexit-related anxieties25. The project offers brief counselling sessions online or over the phone, delivered by qualified practitioners on a pro bono basis25. This initiative provides a concrete example of a support system specifically designed to address the mental health challenges arising from Brexit.
The BPS also published an article on how people are coping with Brexit and mental health26. The article discusses the individual and societal impacts of Brexit and suggests ways to cope with the challenges, including connecting with others, managing social media use, and being creative26.
These support systems play a crucial role in mitigating the negative psychological and social consequences of Brexit. By providing mental health services, community support, and policy advocacy, these initiatives help individuals and communities navigate the challenges and adapt to the changing landscape.
Long-Term Implications
The long-term implications of Brexit for identity, stress, and community wellbeing in the UK are still unfolding. The social, economic, and political changes brought about by Brexit will continue to shape the UK’s landscape for years to come, and understanding these long-term consequences is crucial for developing effective responses and ensuring the wellbeing of the population.
The Mental Health Foundation has highlighted the ongoing challenges of Brexit anxiety and the need for continued support for those affected12. The foundation emphasizes the importance of community involvement and staying connected with friends and family in navigating the long-term effects of Brexit12.
A study published in the National Library of Medicine examined the long-term implications of Brexit for Northern Ireland27. The study highlights the potential for Brexit to reignite conflict and reverse the gains made in the peace process27. The researchers emphasize the importance of addressing the challenges posed by Brexit to maintain stability and cohesion in Northern Ireland27.
The BPS has published an article on the long-term emotional impact of Brexit25. The article discusses the ongoing uncertainty and stress experienced by EU citizens in the UK and Britons in the EU25. The article highlights the need for continued support and psychological interventions to address the long-term mental health consequences of Brexit25.
The Scottish Government has published a report on the social equality impacts of Brexit28. The report highlights the link between Brexit and increased stress and anxiety among the UK population28. The report also notes that equalities groups are more vulnerable to the mental health impacts of Brexit due to the discrimination and structural barriers they face28.
These studies and reports highlight the need for continued research and monitoring to understand the long-term implications of Brexit for identity, stress, and community wellbeing. The evolving social, economic, and political landscape will require ongoing assessment and adaptation to ensure the wellbeing of individuals and communities across the UK.
Conclusion
Brexit has had a significant and multifaceted impact on identity, stress, and community wellbeing in the UK. The psychological effects of Brexit are evident in the increased levels of anxiety, stress, and sleep problems reported among the population. These psychological challenges are linked to the economic uncertainty, social divisions, and concerns about identity and belonging that have been exacerbated by Brexit.
The referendum and its aftermath have reshaped national identity, with a strengthening of English national identity and the emergence of new political identities. These changes raise questions about the future of Britishness and the potential for increased divergence between England and the other nations of the UK.
The economic changes brought about by Brexit have contributed to increased stress levels, particularly among vulnerable groups. The uncertainty surrounding the UK’s future relationship with the EU, coupled with restrictions on labor mobility and trade, has created economic anxieties that have undoubtedly taken a toll on mental health.
Social divisions have deepened, impacting community cohesion and wellbeing. The referendum exposed deep-seated differences in values and priorities, leading to increased polarization and tensions within communities. This has manifested in a rise in hate crime, increased social and political polarization, and concerns about the erosion of community cohesion.
While communities are adapting to the changes, the long-term implications of Brexit are still unfolding. The UK government, businesses, and individuals are implementing various strategies to mitigate the negative impacts and seize new opportunities. However, the evolving social, economic, and political landscape will require ongoing assessment and adaptation to ensure the wellbeing of individuals and communities across the UK.
Continued research and support are crucial to address the ongoing challenges and ensure the wellbeing of individuals and communities across the UK. Monitoring the long-term effects of Brexit on mental health, national identity, and community cohesion will be essential for developing effective policies and interventions. Further research is needed to understand the complex interplay between these factors and to identify strategies for promoting wellbeing and social cohesion in a post-Brexit UK.
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